PHA
515: Drug Information Clerkship
Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice
Creighton University
| Orientation manual
|
Clerkship Calendar
HSL
CUMC
August 11-, September 12, 2008 |
Table of Contents:
1.
The first day
2.
What we do and do NOT do
3.
Hours of
operation & Rules of the Center
4.
Contact information
5.
Preceptors
6.
Syllabus & Grading
7.
Student Responsibilities
8.
Getting set up
9.
Introduction to receiving questions
10.
Monographs & Class
Reviews for P&T
11.
DUEs for P&T
12.
Evidence-based
clinical reviews
13.
Journal Club
14.
Headlines
15.
Newsletter
16.
Appendix 1: Monographs and Class Reviews
17.
Appendix 2:
DUEs
18.
Appendix 3: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews
19. Appendix 4: Journal club
overview and examples
20.
Appendix 5: Headlines and newsletter articles overview and
examples
21.
Appendix 6:
Selected tertiary resources
22. Appendix 7:
AHFS on Excel
The first day
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You should
arrive at 10 am on the first morning of clerkship. You
will need your laptop, lab coat and name tag. The first day
will consist of orientation to the clerkship, computer set up,
literature searching refresher course.
The first 2-3 afternoons of this rotation
will involve a training class through the library. This takes
place from 330pm until 5pm. This is a very helpful class to
re-familiarize you with searching the literature.
Drug information
questions come in at all times, so be prepared to start
answering questions on the first day.
What we do
and do NOT do
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We
do…
-
Take questions from health professionals primarily regarding
drugs and drug therapy.
-
Receive requests primarily from phone calls, but also
through email and fax.
-
Receive questions on a very broad range of topics including
dietary supplements, lab test monitoring, disease
management, manufacturer information, etc.
-
Provide support to CUMC P&T committee.
We
do NOT…
-
Take calls from the general public.
-
Work on assignments for pharmacy or other health professions
students. If a student asks you to help with a project,
contact your preceptor before doing so.
-
Serve as an article retrieval or copy service. If callers
just want a copy of an article, refer them to the library
reference desk.
Hours
of Operation & Rules of the Center
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The
Center is open every business day Monday thru Friday from
830 am to 430 pm.
Although the start time is 10 am on the first day, everyday
thereafter the start time will be at 830 am.
-
Dress: professional dress
(minimum of business casual) is required.
-
Visitors: Visitors are
permitted, but be courteous to your fellow classmates. If
you are going to have an extended conversation with a
visitor, please go outside the Center.
-
Food and drink: Permitted within
reason.
Contact
information
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Voice: 280-5100 or
280-5101
Toll-Free:
800-561-3728
Fax: 280-5149
Primary
Preceptors
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Amy Wilson, PharmD,
Director, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice
Office: 280-3269
Pager: 978-1574
Philip Gregory, PharmD,
Coordinator, Drug Information Residency
Office: 280-5118
Pager: 978-0081
Anne Bruckner,
BS, PharmD, Drug Information Specialist
Office:
280-5158
Pager:
978-1223
Zara Risoldi, PharmD,
Drug Information Resident (2008-2009)
Office:
280-5161
Pager: 978-0149
Syllabus & Grading
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To review the
syllabus and grading,
click here.
Student
Responsibilities
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Your primary
responsibility while on drug information clerkship is answering
drug information questions. Answering these questions should
come before any other projects or assignments. Therefore,
if you have any pending question to answer, please complete that
question before working on a project.
In addition to
questions, you will have various projects as described in this
manual.
You are expected to
approach this work with a professional attitude and make every
attempt to produce high-quality work. Everything done in
the Center will be used on a professional level. Remember
that there is a patient on the other end of everything you do.
As a courtesy to your
colleagues, please be on time. If the phone rings, answer it.
Do not wait for your colleagues to answer it for you.
The Center is
sometimes very busy. Other times it can be slow. If it is
slow and you are caught up on your assignments, be professional
and ask your colleague if you can help them out.
Alternatively, ask a preceptor if there are any other projects
you can help out with.
Playing computer
games, reading leisure books, chit-chatting, inappropriate web
surfing, or otherwise
wasting time is unprofessional and should be avoided.
We encourage you and
expect you to make the most of your experience while you are
here.
Getting set up
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You will need to set
up your laptop to print and to get access to the Drug
Information Question Database. We will help you set this up on
the first. Here are some instructions to get started:
Installing the printer:
Left click on start, select run, in the box type
\\spahpprint , click OK, it will search and then show a list
of printers, select the DICsavin2522 and double click on it,
once the printer has been installed set it as the default.
Accessing the DI database:
http://creightondruginformation.creighton.edu
An instruction manual for the this database
will be provided.
Introduction to receiving & answering questions
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We
receive questions most often by phone, but also by email and
fax.
How to answer the phone
“Creighton Drug Information Service, this is xxxxxxx” or
something similar. Please always state your name so the caller
knows who they are talking to.
When you receive a question
·
Make sure you get adequate background information
in order to determine the ultimate question. If you don’t get
the background information initially, you might have to call the
requester back to clarify.
·
Fill out the information request form and
immediately log the question on the log sheet. Then “Create a
new request” using the online DI database.
·
Think about and write down your search
methodology.
·
Consult with the preceptor to let them know you
have received a new question BEFORE starting to research your
question.
Before you answer a question
·
Discuss your response with the preceptor. The
preceptor must “sign off” on your response before you give ANY
answer. This applies even to simple tablet identification
questions. Failure to check with the preceptor BEFORE
responding to any question is grounds for failure of this
rotation.
·
If your response is written, ask your preceptor to
read it first and provide feedback.
·
EVERYTHING must be
documented in the DI database. We need to know all of the
background of the question (even if you think it is
unimportant), where you looked (even if you didn't find anything
there), and details of your proposed response, whether it is to
be written or discussed verbally.
Written Responses to Questions (i.e., Formal Response)
·
All written responses must be in the proper memo
format. You can see an example of this format by reviewing
previous written responses in the DI database.
·
All responses must be properly formatted including
an introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion. All responses must
be written clearly, concisely, and appropriately to answer the
question. This means good grammar, no misspellings, etc.
Do not ask your preceptor to review a document that you have not
already thoroughly proofed and corrected for spelling and
grammar.
·
All responses must be properly referenced using
the reference format from the literature evaluation course
(i.e., AMA style).
·
If you have any questions, ask a preceptor BEFORE
your start.
Document your responses
·
All responses, written and verbal must be documented in the Drug
Information Database. This must occur before the
question is sent out. All responses must be documented
using the standard format described in the template (intro,
methodology, results, conclusion). This must be done for both
written and verbal respnses.
Emails
·
Any email communications with users of the DI
service, must be courteous and in written in a letter-like
format. This means that you address the email (e.g., start with
Dr. Abc) and signed (e.g., Sincerely, Ed Pharmacist, PharmD
Candidate).
·
All emails should have a subject line include.
Phone Calls/Fax
·
A special code is needed to make long-distance
phone calls. Just ask the preceptor to enter the code when you
need to make a long-distance call.
·
Personal calls using the phones or fax in the DIC
are not permitted. You can take personal calls on your own cell
phone, just be courteous to your fellow classmates.
Confidentiality
The
questions you receive are considered confidential. Do not share
with others outside of the drug information clerkship. This is
private information to be shared only between you, the caller,
and the preceptor.
Lawyers and Media
Occasionally we get calls from lawyers or media or other people
wanting quotes or research for legal cases, etc. In the event
that you receive a call like this, find your preceptor or take a
message and the preceptor will call the person back.
Monographs
& Class Reviews for P&T
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At
least 2 students in each clerkship period will develop at least
one monograph or class review for the CUMC P&T committee.
Monographs and class reviews follow a similar format, but
monographs only cover one drug in a class. Class reviews compare
and contrast all drugs in a class.
This format may be modified for specific reasons. Ask your
preceptor before making any formatting changes.
Students completing a monograph or class review will usually
present their monograph or class review at the P&T committee.
Your preceptor will let you know the day and time.
See
Appendix 1 for a sample monograph and class review.
DUEs for P&T
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Information to follow
Evidence-based
clinical reviews
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Students who are not
assigned a monograph or class review will be assigned an
evidence-based clinical review. These reviews will cover and
important, practical clinical topic. Each review will be
published on the Center's website, in the Center's newsletter or
submitted for publication in a medical or pharmacy journal.
Clinical review
topics will be assigned by the preceptor. If you have a
topic of special interested that you would rather pursue, please
discuss with your preceptor. In some cases, but not all, topics
may be switched.
In addition to
publishing reviews in print, you will present your completed
topic to your colleagues and faculty at the School of Pharmacy &
Health Professions. Your presentation time will be on
Tuesday at 12 pm during either the second or third week of the
rotation.
See
Appendix 3 for more information on how to develop an
evidence-based clinical review article.
Journal Club
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Each student will be responsible for one journal club article
presentation during the drug information clerkship experience.
See Appendix 4 for
details.
Headlines
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Headlines are brief “news clips” of current drug information
that will be posted on our website. Each topic should include a
2-3 sentence summary, with a link to additional information.
Each student will be responsible for scanning the news and
submitting headlines for any pertinent information for a one
week time period. See
Appendix 5 for details.
Newsletter
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Each student will be
responsible for creating a newsletter article during the
rotation, based on the schedule provided in orientation.
Students will work together to publish an electronic newsletter,
suitable for distribution, containing all the articles. Topics
for newsletter articles will be determined the preceptor.
Newsletter articles should be focused for a professional
audience, and must be fully referenced. See
Appendix 5 for details.
Appendix 1. Monograph & Class Review Instructions and Examples
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Monograph
template,
click here.
Sample
monographs:
Micafungin,
Daptomycin
Appendix 2.
DUE instructions and examples
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To see a sample of
DUE criteria/Data collection sheet,
click here.
To see a sample of a completed DUE,
click here.
Appendix 3. Evidence-based clinical review instructions and
examples
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The purpose of the
evidence-based clinical review is to provide the clerkship
student the experience of developing a scholarly manuscript. It
is also an opportunity for the student to gain an in-depth
knowledge of an important clinical practice topic. Secondarily,
by presenting this topic to colleagues and faculty, it serves as
a learning opportunity for all participants.
How is an
evidence-based clinical review conducted and written? We
follow guidelines similar to those put forth by the American
Academy of Family Physicians. To learn about these
guidelines, read the following article:
How to write and evidence-based clinical review article
To learn more about
the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy or SORT, review the
following:
Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): A patient-centered
approach to grading evidence in the medical literature
Here is an example of
a good evidence-based clinical review article written by a
student:
>>>Evidence-Based
Clinical Review: Recent concerns regarding
erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
To see several
examples of evidence-based clinical reviews, see these articles
published in the journal American Family Physician:
Ginger: An overview
Iron deficiency anemia
Treatment of the common cold
Treatment options for Atopic Dermatitis
Appropriate prescribing of medications: An eight-step approach
Appendix 4. Journal club
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Purpose
There are at least three goals of journal club during this
clerkship:
-
Keep up-to-date
with current literature on drug therapy.
-
Gain experience
in literature evaluation.
-
Practice
presentation skills
Overview
Each student will be responsible for one journal club article
presentation during the drug information clerkship experience.
Responsibilities of the Presenter
·
Select an appropriate journal article to review
(see below)
o
Provide a copy of your article to each student and
faculty member at least 2 days before your presentation day.
·
Critically evaluate your article. Use this
evaluation tool and provide a copy as part of your
presentation.
·
Summarize your evaluation of the article in
written form (see example below). Distribute this document the
day of your presentation.
·
Present your article and your critical evaluation
orally during your selected time.
·
DO NOT read your hand out as your presentation.
·
Discuss the article with your colleagues.
Responsibilities of the Participants
·
Review and critically evaluate the article
selected by the presenter.
·
Listen to the evaluation of the presenter.
·
Ask relevant questions.
·
Discuss your evaluation of the article with your
colleagues.
Criteria for Choosing your Article
·
Current – preferably something within the
last 3 months; nothing older than 12 months.
·
Relevant – choose articles most relevant to
our profession (i.e., drug therapy). Avoid articles that focus
just on diagnostics or disease state epidemiology, etc. Ask
yourself: “Will this study impact or change my practice in any
way?” If the answer is ‘yes’ then you have a good article.
·
High impact – look for articles in known
journals first (e.g., JAMA, NEJM, Circulation, Chest, etc).
Avoid articles in relatively unknown or obscure journals.
·
Interesting – ideally, pick a topic you
think participants will find interesting and important to them.
This makes the whole process much more fun.
Evaluating Your Article
·
Review your notes on literature evaluation.
·
Utilize the evaluation tool from PHA458.
Journal Club Presentation Format
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Question: State the research question or hypothesis
of the study. What is the question the authors intended to
answer by conducting the study?
Design: State the research design of the study, e.g.
randomization, controls, blinding.
Setting: Identify the basic location for the study:
hospital, community, number of centers, primary care, referral
centers, US or non-US locations.
Patients: Describe the patients involved in the
study. What is the primary disease condition in the study, what
are the demographics of the population, the severity of illness,
presence of risk factors, inclusion and exclusion criteria, the
number of subjects involved.
Intervention: How were the subjects treated, drug(s),
doses, duration of treatment? Include any co-therapy, and
important non-drug therapy that was used. If there are any
important parts of usual recommended treatment that are not
included in the trial it is worth noting. In most studies there
will be an investigational or “new”, treatment and a control
treatment. The control may be active therapy or may be
placebo. In some studies there will be more than two groups,
just be clear in the description of how each group is treated.
Outcome measures: How were the results of the
treatment measured, i.e. how was it determined if treatment was
successful. There will usually be one primary outcome and often
a number of secondary outcomes. Make sure you focus first on
the primary outcome in this section and in the results. Are the
outcomes clinically important, the ones you would think of in
terms of the goals of treatment of the condition under study?
Are they sensitive, specific, precise in measurement? Are they
“patient oriented evidence that matters” ( POEMs)? If there are
significant limitations in the outcomes of the study, it should
be noted.
Main results: What were the results for the primary
outcomes for each group treated? Provide the specific results
of the trial, often a table is a good way to do this. Also include any of the secondary
outcomes that you believe are important to making a judgment
about the success or lack of success of each of the treatments.
Also give some information about any side effects reported and
if possible give the specific incidence and some measure of
severity for each important side effect. Always give clear
quantitative measures of the results, make sure it is clear if
there is statistical significance in the results between groups,
and a range (perhaps the 95% CI) for the size of the difference
between groups. Be sure for all of the comparative data
presented that it is clear what outcome you are talking about,
and what the comparison groups are, i.e. intervention compared
to control, end of study result compared to baseline, or
whatever is appropriate. Also note if the analysis is by intent
to treat or per protocol. The completeness of follow-up, and
degree of compliance with the treatments should also be
presented.
Be sure to give RR, AR, and NNT is relevant for the type of
data.
Conclusion: What is the primary conclusion of the
study? This should be an answer to the research question. In
this section you are presenting the author’s conclusion, not
necessarily your own conclusion. Your comments, and your bottom
line on the study will be in the commentary.
Commentary: Here is where you should note the major
advantages, and major disadvantages to the design and success in
conducting (did they follow the intended protocol) the study.
Some points may have been mentioned in the individual sections
above, but those sections are mostly for factually presenting
what was done, and the commentary is for the evaluation points.
Make sure you give a clear recommendation for how the
information in this study may be used for decision making in
practice. Are the results internally valid, and if they are, to
what types of patients should the results apply? Are there any
special cautions or warnings about the use of the new
treatment? If the new treatment has an advantage be specific
about what it is, and once again, be quantitative if possible.
If it is better, how much better, and better at achieving what
outcome?
Sample Presentation
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Article: Boureau F, Kappos L, Schoenen J, et al A
clinical comparison of sumatriptan nasal spray and
dihydroergotamine nasal spray in the acute treatment of
migraine. Int J Clin Pract 2000;54:281-286
Question: In patients with acute migraine is headache
relief with intranasal sumatriptan 20mg better than intranasal
dihydroergotamine 1mg plus an optional 1 mg.
Design: Randomized, double blind, double dummy, crossover
of patients treating 2 migraine attacks
Setting: 498 patients were recruited from 52 centers in
Belgium, France, Portugal, and Switzerland.
Patients: Eligible patients had a migraine history of a
least one year, and on overage, over the last 12 months, had
experienced between one and six attacks per month or severe or
moderately sever migraine, with or without aura, according to
International Headache Society Criteria.
Intervention: Patients were instructed to treat two
attacks and were randomly assigned to one of the following to
treat the first attack: sumatriptan nasal spray 20mg (plus
placebo DHE), or DHE nasal spray 1mg (plus placebo
sumatriptan). Patients crossed over to the alternative therapy
for the second migraine attack. DHE was give as two separate
sprays of 0.5 mg into each nostril and sumatriptan was given as
a single dose of 20mg into one nostril. Patients taking active
treatment with DHE had the option of taking a second dose 30
minutes after the first if insufficient relief was obtained. To
maintain blinding patients receiving active sumatriptan took a
second dose of placebo nasal spray at 30 minutes if insufficient
relief was obtained.
Rescue medication was permitted if migraine symptoms were not
relived within 2 hours of the first dose of study medication.
Patients who normally took prophylactic medication for migraine
were permitted to continue therapy provided it did not contain
ergotamine or DHE and the dosage remained unchanged throughout
the study.
Main Outcome Measures: Patients used diary cards to
record symptoms just before the dose, then 15, 30, 45, 60, 90,
and 120 minutes after. Headache severity was assessed as none
(0), mild (1), moderated (2), or severe (3). Headache relief
was defined as a change from grade 2 or 3 to grade 0 or 1. The
primary efficacy parameter was headache relief at 60 minutes.
Other measures included disability on a scale of normal (0) to
bed rest (3), severity of nausea (from 0 to 3), presence of
vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. They also recorded the
use of rescue medication and headache recurrence.
Main Results: 405 patients were randomized, 368 treated
two attacks, and 327 were analyzed for efficacy:
Percent of patients
recording headache relief
|
|
60 min |
90 min |
120 min |
|
Sumatriptan |
53% |
60% |
63% |
|
DHE |
41% |
48% |
51% |
|
P value |
<0.001 |
0.037 |
0.003 |
After 60 minutes 64% of sumatriptan and 40% of DHE treated
patients reported relief of nausea, (p= 0.006). The optional
second dose of study medication at 30 minutes was taken by 76%
of the sumatriptan treated and 81% of DHE treated patients.
Rescue medication was taken by 37% of sumatriptan and 35% of DHE
treated patients. Headache recurrence occurred in 23% of
sumatriptan and 13% of DHE treated patients. There were no
differences reported in vomiting (7%), photophobia of
phonophobia (47%- 52%).
Conclusion: The authors concluded that sumatriptan nasal
spray was superior to DHE nasal spray in relief of acute
migraine headache from 45 minutes to 2 hours after dosing and in
the relief of nausea. Both treatments were well tolerated.
Commentary: The dose of DHE was not the standard
recommended dose. The primary outcome to assess pain relief is
not the standard recommended time and favors sumatriptan. 405
subjects were randomized, results reported on efficacy were for
only 327. There were no data or analysis reported on possible
carryover or period effects in this crossover study. No data
were reported on the severity of the second headache before
treatment. No data were reported on the use of prophylactic
therapy. There was no placebo only group so it is not possible
to account for a possible placebo effect, which has been 15-75%
in published trials.
Bottom line for practice, there might be a slight advantage for
pain relief and nausea relief in the first two hours of
treatment for sumatriptan nasal, however DHE nasal has a lower
frequency of headache recurrence. Patient factors and
preference would be important to consider in the selection of
one of these drugs over the other.
Resources for background:
Published clinical practice guidelines:
Neurology
2000;55:754-762
Can Med Assoc J
1997;156:1273-1287
Web sites:
http://www.ama-assn.org/special/migraine/migraine.htm
http://www.ahsnet.org/ http://www.ahsnet.org/guidelines.php
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
http://www.headaches.org/
http://www.aan.com/public/practiceguidelines/headache_gl.htm
Appendix
5. Headlines and Newsletter Articles
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HEADLINES:
Headlines are brief “news clips” of current drug information
that will be posted on our website. Each topic should include a
2-3 sentence summary, with a link to additional information.
Each student will be responsible for scanning the news and
submitting headlines for any pertinent information for a one
week time period.
To
see a sample headlines that are currently on our website,
click here.
NEWSLETTER:
Each student will be
responsible for creating a newsletter article during the
rotation, based on the schedule provided in orientation.
Students will work together to publish an electronic newsletter,
suitable for distribution, containing all the articles. Topics
for newsletter articles will be determined the preceptor.
Newsletter articles should be focused for a professional
audience, and must be fully referenced.
To see a sample of a
newsletter and newsletter articles that are currently on our
website,
click here.
Appendix 6: Select Tertiary Resources
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ADVERSE REACTIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS
Major References
Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs
American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Drug Information
Facts and Comparisons
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions (Davies)
U.S. Pharmacopeial Dispensing Information (USP-DI)
Drugdex
AMA Drug Evaluation
Product labeling
Handbook of Poisoning
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products
Drug Effects in Hospitalized Patients (Miller and Greenblatt)
FDA Drug Bulletin
For Antibiotics
The Use of Antibiotics
Minor References
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Goodman and Gilman)
Secondary References
Clin Alert
International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA)
Index Medicus/Medline
Poisindex
AVAILABILITY
Major References
U.S. Availability
American Drug Index
Manufacturer
Facts and Comparisons
PharmIndex
Drug Topics Redbook PDR
Blue Book
Physician’s Generex
Drugdex
USAN and USP Dictionary
Foreign Availability
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
Index Nominum
Drugs Available Abroad
Foreign Equivalents of PDR
Minor References
Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs
Medical Letter
Facts and Comparisons Newsletter
Pharmacists Letter
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Major References
Merck Index
AHFS Drug Information
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences
USP-National Formulary
COST INFORMATION
Major References
Drug Topics Redbook
Blue Book
Manufacturers and wholesalers
Physician's Generix
Minor References
Facts and Comparisons
Medical Letter
DOSING AND ADMINISTRATION
Major References
AHFS Drug Information
AMA Drug Evaluations
PDR
Facts and Comparisons
USP-DI
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
Drugdex
For Pediatrics
Harriett Lane Handbook
Textbook of Pediatrics (Nelson)
Pediatric Therapy (Shirkey)
Pediatric Dosage Handbook (Taketoma, Hodding, Kraus)
For Renal Patients/Hemodialysis
Bennett's Nomogram
For Geriatrics
Geriatric Dosage Handbook (Semla, Beizer, Higbee)
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Major References
Hansten's Drug Interactions
Evaluations of Drug Interactions (Shinn)
Drug Interactions Facts
Minor References
AHFS Drug Information
Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs
Facts and Comparisons
Drugdex
AMA Drug Evaluations
Note: Also consider
additive pharmacologic properties or additive toxicities. May
need to use pharmacology, chemistry, stability, or adverse
effects references too!
DRUG IDENTIFICATION
Major References
American Drug Index
Facts and Comparisons
Drugdex
Ident-A-Drug
Poisindex
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
USAN and USP Dictionary
Merck Index
PDR
Drug Topics Redbook
Blue Book
By Imprint Code
Identidex
PDR
Pictures
PDR
USP-DI
PDR Identification Kit
IMMUNIZATION INFORMATION
Major References
Report on the Committee on Infectious Diseases
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
CDC-Health Information for International Travel
AHFS Drug Information
Guide for Adult Immunization (ACP)
INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS
Major References
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
Drugdex
NCI Investigational Drugs: Pharmaceutical Data
PharmIndex
Medical Subject Headings--Suppl Chemical Records
NDA Pipeline
Orphan Drugs
Drugdex
Facts and Comparisons
Treatment IND
Facts and Comparisons
AHFS Drug Information
Secondary References
Unlisted Drugs
IPA
Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS)
Periodicals
Phase III Trials
"Pink Sheet" FDC Reports
LABORATORY INFORMATION
Major References
Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests (Wallach)
Diagnostics
Clinical Interpretation of Laboratory Tests (Wiomann)
Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods
Clinical Laboratory Medicine (Ravel)
For Lab/Drug Interactions
Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests (Young)
Hansten's Drug Interactions
AMA Drug Evaluations
AHFS Drug Information
For Antibiotics
Use of Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine (Lorian)
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Major References
State and Federal Law
State Pharmacy Practice Act
State Board of Pharmacy Regulations
Pharmacy Law Digest
Code of Federal Regulations
Pharmacy Law Texts
Federal Register
MANUFACTURER'S ADDRESSES AND PHONE NUMBERS
Major References
PDR
Facts and Comparisons
Poisindex
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
Minor References
American Drug Index (addresses only)
NATURAL PRODUCTS
Major References
Integrative
Medicine Access
Martindale's
Extra Pharmacopoeia
Natural
Medicines Comprehensive Database
PDR for Herbal
Medicines
Poisindex
Professional's
Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Review of
Natural Products
PATIENT INFORMATION
Major References
USP-DI Volume II: Advice for the Patient
Patient Drug Facts
PHARMACOKINETICS
Major References
Applied Pharmacokinetics (Evans, Schentag, Jusko)
Drugdex
AHFS Drug Information
Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics (Winters)
Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics (Mungall)
USP DI Volume III
Minor References
Goodman and Gilman
PDR
Handbook of Clinical Drug Data
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
PHARMACOLOGY
Major References
Goodman and Gilman
Clinical Pharmacology (Melmon and Morrelli)
AHFS Drug Information
Minor References
PDR
POISONING/TOXICOLOGY
Major References
Poisindex
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products
Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose (Haddad,
Winchester)
Handbook of Poisoning (Dreisbach)
Poisoning-Toxicology-Symptoms-Treatments
Montana Poison Control Center 1-800-525-5042
Minor References
AHFS Drug Information
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Major References
Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation (Briggs)
AHFS Drug Information
USP-DI
PDR
Pediatrics 1989;84:924-36
Handbook of Clinical Drug Data
Drugdex
Drug Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology (Rayburn)
Drugs and Human Lactation (PN Bennett and WHO Working Group)
Clinical Aspects of Teratogenicity of Drugs (Nishimura, Tanimura)
STABILITY/INCOMPATIBILITY
Major References
Handbook on Injectable Drugs (Trissels)
Guide to Parenteral Admixtures (also called Kings or Cutter
Manual)
AHFS Drug Information
Drugdex
Manufacturer
Secondary References
IPA
THERAPEUTIC USE OF DRUGS
Major Medical References
Practical Care for the Ambulatory Patient (Stultz, et al)
Manual of Medical Therapeutics (Washington Manual)
Textbook of Medicine (Cecil)
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Harvey's The Principles and Practice of Medicine
Current Therapy (Conn)
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (Berkow)
The Pathologic Basis of Disease (Robbins)
Pharmacy Therapeutic Texts
Applied Therapeutics for Clinical Pharmacists (Koda-Kimble)
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (Herfindel, et al)
Pharmacotherapy. A Pathophysiological Approach (DiPiro)
AHFS Drug Information
Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia
AMA Drug Evaluations
Drugdex
Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs
For Antibiotics or Infectious Disease
The Use of Antibiotics
A Practical Approach to Infectious Diseases (Reese RE, Betts RF)
Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy (Sanford)
Appendix 7:
AHFS on Excel
Students will help
with the AHFS classification review process required by JCAHO @
CUMC.
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